1B+Coqui+Treefrog+Invasion

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8 major islands and more than 100 smaller islands make up a archipelago or chain of islands called the Hawaiian Islands. Most of the world’s ecosystems exist on the Hawaiian Islands. The rain forest is a wet environment that receives more than 100 inches of annual rain fall. Terrestrial ecosystems are classified by their elevation, the amount of moisture, and their dominate life forms. About 350,000 acres of pristine rain forest grows on the big island. Hawaiian rain forest grows at elevations ranging from lowland to montane level. The rain forest has several layers. Hawaii was formed by a volcano. Hawaii’s climate is similar to that of Puerto Rico.
 * __Abiotic factors __**

__Biotic factors__ __Plants__

Here are some types of plants

‘Ohi‘a (tree) Forest habitat: canopy found in dry, mesic, and wet forests Plant use: food for birds, nesting sites, timber, medicine Interesting facts: Different trees have different colors of flowers: red, yellow or salmon. The flowers secrete large amounts of nectar that birds and insects eat. Native to Hawai‘i: Yes

Mämane (bush, tree) Forest habitat: understory found in dry and mesic forests Plant use: Hawaiian spears, food for birds and insects Interesting facts: It has golden yellow bean-Iike flowers, which produce very long green seed pods. Young twigs are silky and hairy. Native to Hawai‘i: Yes

Naio (tree) Forest habitat: understory found in dry, mesic, and rain forests Plant use: birds depend on it for food Interesting fact: The wood smells somewhat like sandalwood. Native to Hawai‘i: Yes.

ŸOhelo la‘au (shrub) Forest Habitat: understory found in mesic and rain forests Plant use: food for birds and animals, as medicine and to make jelly. Interesting facts: Ohelo has small greenish flowers and large bright sour cranberry-Iike fruits. It is related to the blue- berry and cranberry shrubs. Native to Hawai‘i: Yes

Koa (tree) Forest Habitat: sub canopy, canopy found in dry, mesic and wet forest Plant use: furniture, lumber for building, food for birds, medicine, dye. Interesting facts: Birds and butterflies depend on this tree for food. The leaves of a young tree look very different from that of a mature tree. Native to Hawai‘i: Yes __ANIMALS__ They have feathers on their legs and feet. Their faces are round with a black mask. They nest on the ground. Pueo. It hunts primarily at night. They nest in tree cavities.
 * ‘Io ** (Hawaiian Hawk, bird, carnivore)
 * Forest habitat ** : forest floor, canopy
 * Diet ** : Rodents, small birds, frogs, spiders, large insects, caterpillars, small birds.
 * Interesting facts ** : ‘Io can be solid brown to white with dark streaks.
 * Endangered ** : Yes
 * Native to Hawai‘i ** : Yes
 * Pueo ** (Hawaiian Owl, bird, carnivore)
 * Forest habitat ** : forest floor, grasslands
 * Diet ** : Rodents, insects, small birds.
 * Interesting facts ** : Pueo hunt in the morning and evengings rather than at night.
 * Endangered ** : Yes (only on Oahu)
 * Native to Hawai‘i ** : Yes.
 * Barn Owl ** (bird, carnivore)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Forest habitat ** : forest floor, grasslands
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Diet ** : rodents, insects, small birds
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Interesting facts ** : Its white, heart-shaped face distinguishes it from the native
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Endangered ** : No
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Native to Hawai‘i ** : No

fur looks like “hoar-frost”, hence its name. They forage for food at dawn and at dusk. They hang upside down to sleep.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">‘Ope‘ape‘a ** (Hawaiian Hoary Bat, mammal, insectivore)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Forest Habitat ** : In trees and rock outcroppings
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Diet ** : beetles, insects, moths, termites, mosquitos.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Interesting facts ** : The ‘Ope‘ape‘a is grayish-brown with white-tipped fur. The
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Endangered ** : Yes
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Native to Hawai‘i ** : Yes

colors depending on which valley is their home. chicks are fed insects. The adult bill is curved downward so it is very efficient at extracting nectar.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Pupu kuahiwi ** (Oahu tree snail, herbivore)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Size ** : Shell length is less than an inch.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Forest Habitat ** : branches, bark and leaves, forest floor, understory
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Diet ** : Algae and fungi that grow on trees and shrub leaves.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Interesting facts ** : People once thought these snails sang. They come in many
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Endangered ** : Yes
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Native to Hawai‘i ** : Yes
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">‘I‘iwi ** (Hawaiian honeycreeper, bird, primarily nectivore)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Size ** : About 5” to 6” long
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Forest habitat ** : Canopy and subcanopy
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Diet ** : Adults drink nectar from Mamane and ‘ohi’a lehua blossoms. The
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Interesting facts ** : The young have orange-pink skin and a short straight bill.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Endangered ** : Yes
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Native to Hawai‘i ** : Yes

norway rats, and Polynesian rats and one kind of mouse. Besides fruit and Other things, rats eat land snails and eggs of native birds. Mice eat seeds of All kinds including those of rare native plants.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Rats and mice ** (mammals, omnivores)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Size ** : body lengths are 2” to 7”
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Forest habitat ** : forest floor, gulches, and grasslands
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Diet ** : Nuts, berries, fruit, seeds, birds, and eggs.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Interesting facts ** : There are 3 different kinds of rats in Hawai‘i: Black rats,
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Endangered ** : No
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Native to Hawai‘i ** : No

Forehead... eats some insects, Naio berries, and Mämane seed pods. to Kamehameha V. They are hunted as game today on Molokai, Lanai & Maui. Mongoose forage during the day and rats feed at night! They have been known to climb trees. Found on all islands but Kauai and possibly Lanai.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">‘Akohekohe ** (Crested Honeycreeper, bird, primarily nectivore)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Size ** : About 7” long
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Forest habitat ** : canopy and subcanopy
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Diet ** : Primarily nectar from ’ohi’a blossoms and other flowers, some insects.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Interesting facts ** : It has a distinctive crest of white or golden feathers on its
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Endangered ** : Yes
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Native to Hawai‘i ** : Yes
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">‘Oma‘o ** (Hawaiian Thrush, bird, omnivore)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Size ** : About 7” long
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Forest Habitat ** : canopy, subcanopy, understory
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Diet ** : Primarily fruits, berries, seeds and insects.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Interesting facts ** : It builds its nest in Koa and ‘Ohi’a trees. Adults will droop their wings and quiver like a baby bird begging for food.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Endangered ** : No
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Native to Hawai‘i ** : Yes
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Palila ** (bird, primarily herbivore)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Forest habitat ** : canopy, understory
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Diet **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">: <span style="font-family: 'HIKeawe','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Primary food is immature seeds in pods from Mämane trees. It also
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Interesting facts **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">: <span style="font-family: 'HIKeawe','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">the finch-like bill is suited to open Mämane seed pods.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Endangered ** : Yes
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Native to Hawai‘i ** : Yes
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Axis deer ** (mammal, herbivore)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Size ** : 95 to 225 lbs, shoulder height is 30” to 36”
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Forest habitat ** : forest floor
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Diet ** : All kinds of crops, grasses, and shrubs, including native species.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Interesting facts ** : Eight animals were introduced to Molokai in 1867 as a gift
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Endangered ** : No
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Native to Hawai‘i ** : No
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Mongoose ** (mammal, omnivore)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Size ** : Total length is 18” to 26”
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Forest habitat ** : Forest floor
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Diet ** : Birds, eggs, insects, rodents, fruits, berries
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Interesting facts ** : It was introduced to Hawai‘i from India to control rats. But,
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Endangered ** : No
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Native to Hawai‘i ** : No

stems, and leaves of shrubs, grasses, snails, insects, ground nesting birds, and dig up turtle eggs on the Big Island. a source of food. Too much rooting by a herd causes erosion and destroys native forests. Found on all islands. Mongoose forage during the day and rats feed at night! They have been known to climb trees. Found on all islands but Kauai and possibly Lanai. die or become feral, causing serious problems for our native wildlife. insectivore) the caterpillar feeds on Mamaki leaves. curled dead leaf of Mamaki. Young caterpillars roll a leaf and hide within for protection.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Pua‘a ** (wild pig, mammal, omnivore)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Size ** : Adults weight from 150 lbs. To more than 400lbs.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Forest habitat ** : forest floor
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Diet ** : Favorite foods are earthworms and hapu‘u fern. They also eat roots,
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Interesting facts ** : Early Polynesians and Europeans introduced the pua‘a as
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Endangered ** : No
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Native to Hawai‘i ** : No
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Mongoose ** (mammal, omnivore)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Size ** : Total length is 18” to 26”
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Forest habitat ** : Forest floor
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Diet ** : Birds, eggs, insects, rodents, fruits, berries
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Interesting facts ** : It was introduced to Hawai‘i from India to control rats. But,
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Endangered ** : No
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Native to Hawai‘i ** : No
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Feral dog ** (mammal, carnivore)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Forest Habitat ** : Forest floor, grasslands
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Diet ** : Game birds, nene, rodents.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Interesting facts ** : People release pet dogs or lose hunting dogs and they either
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Endangered ** : No
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Native to Hawai‘i ** : No
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Pulelehua ** (Kamehameha butterfly, insect, adult is a nectivore, caterpillar is an
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Size ** : Wingspan is about 2.5 inches
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Forest habitat ** : Canopy, understory
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Diet ** : The butterfly eats sap oozing from tree wounds, especially the Koa tree,
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Interesting facts ** : Most active on sunny days. The chrysalis resembles a
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Endangered ** : Yes
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Native to Hawai‘i ** : Yes

ambush for insects to approach from the rear. As soon as they touch its back end, the caterpillar rears back and pounces with its 6 claw-tipped front legs.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Predatory ceterpillar ** (inchworm, insect, insectivore)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Size ** : body length is less then one inch
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Forest habitat ** : forest floor, sub canopy
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Diet ** : flies and other insects
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Interesting facts ** : The caterpillar sits on twigs and small branches waiting in
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Endangered ** : No (not yet listed on the endangered species list)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Native to Hawai‘i ** : Yes

for pillow and mattress stuffing. Ferns produce spores instead of seeds to reproduce. They are more primative than flowering plants.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Hapu‘u ** (Hawaiian Tree fern)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Forest Habitat ** : understory, found in mesic and rain forests
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Plant Use ** : Nesting site for birds, nature’s growing medium for ‘Ohi‘a seedlings,
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Interesting facts ** : Hapu‘u produces no flowers, fruits or seeds.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Endangered: ** No
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Native to Hawai‘i ** : Yes

Hawaii in their water supply. Water containers were knocked over because they looked “infested.” Adult males eat plant juices. Females drink blood. Feed early morning and evenings, food for birds, bats.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Mosquito ** (insect, herbivore)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Forest Habitat ** : Forest floor to canopy
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Diet ** : Larvae eat minute plants in water.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Interesting facts ** : Whalers in Lahaina brought “wigglers” (mosquito larvae) to
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Endangered ** : No
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial,Bold','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Native to Hawai‘i **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">: No



<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">**__Threats to the Hawaiian ecosystem__** The Coqui tree frog is a big problem because they are very loud and they eat bugs. <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">One species that has garnered much attention recently is the coqui frog. Its ability to quickly adapt to Hawai'i from its native land, Puerto Rico and reach unprecedented numbers, the absence of predators, and its noisy mating behavior have made the coqui frog the target of government and community eradication and control efforts. The Coqui tree frog has, in the last few years, ingested to many of the native spiders, and as a result the spider population is decreasing and the frogs are just as annoying as ever. The call of the tree frog is very loud and annoying. The call actually sounds like CO-QUI, hence the name; the call is extremely loud, up to 100 decimals! <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;"> The coqui tree frog is not endangered but needs to be! It is considered a pest by many and many say it should be eliminated. The frog itself has no real enemies, (except the people it annoys), and nothing eats it so it has become over populated and IT SHOULD DIE!!!!!!!!! <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">However, there is no real way to catch all of these flippin’ little pests so; people have resulted to poison and death traps for the froggies.

**__<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Conservation plan __** To save the Hawaiian ecosystem we must slow down the Coqui tree frog’s population. To do this we should catch as many as possible and relocate them to Puerto Rico. If this happens then the population would slow down. But to keep the population of the frog to a minimum than we would have to find a predator that kills the frog. The predator would keep the frogs population down to a small size so that the ecosystem would be fine. This would keep the frog from over populating and destroying the insect population.

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